Sunday, 24 May 2015

Como lidar com os desconhecidos conhecidos: Para uma cultura política do conhecimento partilhado


A política, no seu sentido mais essencial, refere-se ao conjunto de práticas pelas quais a polis – ou um Estado a que corresponde uma comunidade – toma decisões que a permitem controlar o seu destino. Nesse sentido, é definida não apenas pelas lutas sobre recursos e sobre poder, mas também pela capacidade de quem nela está envolvido para prever as consequências das suas acções. Baseia-se não apenas em juízos morais, mas também em conhecimento. E o conhecimento é sempre limitado. Nas palavras famosas do infame Rumsfeld, lidamos não apenas com conhecidos conhecidos (coisas que estamos seguros que sabemos) e desconhecidos desconhecidos (coisas que não fazemos ideia que existam) mas também com muitos desconhecidos conhecidos (coisas que gostaríamos de saber mas sabemos que não sabemos). Na tomada de decisão política, muitos dos desconhecidos conhecidos referem-se às consequências futuras das decisões (ou seja, das políticas): se fizermos x, quanto é que obtemos de y? E que outras consequências haverá?

Porque uma grande parte do combate político se baseia em diferendos de juízo moral (ou seja, sobre o que é ‘justo’), há uma grande pressão para pelo menos parecer que se defende políticas de forma consistente. Mas as políticas raramente são expressões directas de princípios morais; pelo contrário, são normalmente meios para atingir um valor mais específico (produtividade, riqueza, justiça distributiva, harmonia social, etc.). E políticas que parecem bem desenhadas para atingir um fim específico demasiado frequentemente não têm os resultados esperados, ou têm resultados negativos inesperados. Infelizmente, no mundo político, as consequências empíricas (sociais) das políticas são avaliadas de forma demasiado ligeira e, quando são avaliadas em detalhe, os resultados nem sempre são abertos ao escrutínio e discussão públicas. Por vezes, isto acontece porque as políticas foram especificamente concebidas para promover interesses particulares à custa do interesse público. Em muitos outros casos, no entanto, é simplesmente porque é confrangedor para os decisores ter de admitir o erro: porque o sistema de decisão está concentrado e a responsabilidade não é socialmente partilhada.  

Acredito que há um modelo melhor de organizar a tomada de decisão política: a validação das ideias pelo teste, crítica mútua, e partilha de conhecimento. Isto é a concorrência no seu melhor: não a concorrência entre pessoas, mas entre ideias. É comum no empreendedorismo de ponta e na ciência, que formam comunidades de partilha de conhecimento; e é isto que mantém as sociedades tecnologicamente avançadas literalmente sobre rodas. Como poderia então funcionar esse modelo alternativo de validação empírica em política? De certa forma, já está a funcionar. As contra-elites políticas emergentes actuais, feitas de cidadãos profissionais qualificados em vez de políticos profissionais desqualificados, são densas de conhecimento científico e sequiosas de transparência; são capazes e interessadas em envolver-se em debate aberto com base na evolução e acumulação constantes do conhecimento e na sua utilização para avaliar as consequências de políticas alternativas. Recusam aceitar avaliações ideologicamente fechadas, e exigem conhecer os factos e fazer as suas próprias avaliações. E isto tanto é verdade para questões económicas, sociais, como ambientais. Foi isto que me trouxe para o envolvimento na política, e foi isto que me trouxe para o LIVRE / Tempo de Avançar* enquanto plataformas para o debate e intervenção.
* O autor é candidato às Primárias deste partido/movimento

Dealing with known unknowns: For a political culture of shared knowledge

Politics, in its most essential meaning, is the set of practices by which a polis – or a state that corresponds to a community – arrives at decisions that help control its fate. As such, it is defined not only by struggles over resources and power, but also by the ability of those involved in it to foresee the consequences of their actions. It derives not only from moral judgement, but also from knowledge. And knowledge is always limited. In the famous words of the infamous Rumsfeld, we deal not only with known knowns (things we are sure we know) and unknown unknowns (things we have no clue exist or will exist) but with many known unknowns (things we would like to know but know we don’t). In political decision-making, most of the known unknowns refer to the future consequences of decisions (i.e. of policies): if we do x, how much will we obtain of y? And what other consequences will there be?

Because a large part of political struggle is based on differences in moral judgement (i.e. what is ‘fair’), there is great pressure to at least appear to stick consistently to policies. But policies are rarely direct expressions of moral principles, but rather means to achieve some higher value (productivity, wealth, distributive fairness, social harmony, etc.). And policies that seem to be well-designed to achieve a specific end all too often do not have the expected results, or even have negative results.  . Unfortunately, in the political world, the empirical (social) consequences of policies are far too lightly assessed and, when they are assessed in detail, the results are not always open to public scrutiny and discussion. Sometimes, this is because policies have been specifically designed to further some private interests at the expense of the public interest. In many other cases, however, it is simply because it is galling for decision-makers to admit to error: because the decision-making system is concentrated and there is no sharing of social responsibility.

I believe there is a better way to organize political decision-making: the empirical validation of ideas through testing, mutual critique, and sharing of knowledge. This is competition at its best: not competition between people, but between ideas. It is common in cutting-edge entrepreneurship and in the scientific communities, which form communities of shared knowledge. This is what keeps knowledge advancing and technologically advanced societies, to put it bluntly, rolling on. So how could the alternative model of empirical validation work in politics? In a certain sense, it is already working. The emergent political counter-elites, consisting of citizens who are qualified professionals rather than of unqualified professional politicians, are heavy on scientific knowledge and thirsty of transparency; they are able and willing to engage in open debate based on ever-evolving, cumulative knowledge and its use to assess the consequences of different policy alternatives. They refuse to accept ideologically closed assessments, and demand to know facts and make their own assessments. This is true for economic, for social, and for environmental issues. This is what brought me to involvement in politics, and this is what brought me to LIVRE and now Tempo de Avançar* as platforms for debate and intervention.

* The author is a candidate in the primary elections of this party/movement


Monday, 19 January 2015

Hors-Champ

Qu’est-ce qui se passe devant nos yeux, et qu’est-ce qui se passe hors-champ ? Ce qui se passe devant nos yeux, collectivement, à travers le filmage et diffusion, est-il la même chose qui se passe hors-champ ? Comment refaire la vérité des faits à partir de la combinaison de ce qu’on voit directement et de ce qu’on voit de sources indirectes ? La vérité est-elle à l’intérieur de chez nous, dans la rue, ou cachée derrière les murs de nos maisons et dans les cachètes de notre vie privée et passé ?

Hors-champ nous pose toutes ces questions sous forme d’un spectacle-dance qui croise la tradition du Tanztheater de Pina Bausch avec celle des premiers des spectacles des Fura dels Baus, et encore des échos de Persona de Bergman. Trois hommes et deux femmes jouent des secrets, des possibles infidélités et, surtout, des méfiances et des confrontations, entre la scène qui se voit et la scène qui est cachée, d’abord, et puis les coulisses qui deviennent scène et la scène qui réapparait en coulisse, filmée et reproduite. Des images filmées, desquelles on se demande si elles reproduisent ce qui se passe en direct, ou si elles ont été fabriquées pour nous tromper, ou alors pour tromper les personnages eux-mêmes. Des rapports de jeu de pouvoir qui aboutissent à la violence, voire au viol, la répression, l’interrogatoire, et la tromperie. Le tout, avec des références subtiles d’actualité ou d’histoire récente, qu’on pourrait projeter sur la guerre des Balkans des années 90, à la Syrie, à la guerre des drônes, aux exécutions sommaires de l’Etat Islamique, et à la vigilance digitale totale des services de renseignement contemporains.

Si quelques-uns des interprètes sont plus intenses et intéressants que d’autres dans leur danse ou dans leur interprétation (visages, expression émotionnelle) individuelle, leur cohesion collective, la chorégraphie, la scénographie, le son, l’image, et la production, savent former un tout consistant qui nous laisse tendus, sans souffle, et fascinés du début à la fin. Le théâtre dansé a décidemment, toujours le pouvoir de nous interpeller.

Vu à Bruxelles le 17 Janvier 2015. À nouveau sur scène en Avril-Mai. Une création de Michèle Noiret et Patric Jean pour le Théâtre National.


Wednesday, 1 October 2014

My favourite books and tragedy in the dark heart of Europe

In response to one of those recent Facebook 'challenges', I forced myself to come up with a list of my '10 favourite books', which I posted on my timeline as follows (chronological order of publishing):


Du Côté de Chez Swann (Marcel Proust, 1912, fr)
Os Sonâmbulos (Die Schlafwandler, Herman Broch, 1930-32, de)
Brideshead Revisited (Evelyn Waugh, 1945, uk)
Nineteen-eighty four (George Orwell, 1948, uk)
Lord of the Flies (William Golding, 1954, uk)
The Complete Chronicles of Narnia (CS Lewis, 1950-56, uk)
Le Maître et Marguerite ( Мастер и Маргарита, Mikhail Boulgakov, 1941/1966, ru)
La Peste (Albert Camus, 1947, fr)
Le Hussard sur le Toit (Jean Giono, 1951, fr)
Le Rivage des Syrtes (Julien Graq, 1951, fr)

In doing so, I realised I had roughly presented a geographical mapping of the reflexive aspect of my cultural roots: an aspect seeped most of all in the tragic foci of European history of the XXth Century - WWI and WWII, social revolution and totalitarianism, colonialism, epidemics, and the decay of the leisured ruling classes.

I was not surprised at the weight of English, a language I learnt as a child in England, but I was surprised at the importance of French (sur quoi j'en parlerai un peu plus en bas), which I only started reading some years later. A Russian and a German novel - both rooted in the social-political convulsions of the early XXth Century - round up the top 10. 

When enlarging this list, I came across the fact that most of my preferences reflect a cultural idea of Europe, which extends beyond the European peninsula Eastward across the vast steppes of Siberia and westward across the Atlantic to the Americas. I also noticed that Southern Europe and Latin America were grossly underrepresented (to my shame). To clarify my preferences, I then stacked them up in additional, obsessively neat piles of 10, representing different traditions I was interested in. Thus:

English - British Isles 

If I had not so neatly stacked these in piles of 10, this particular list would have been longer than any of the others, and would include many more genre books from, e.g. historical naval fiction, boys adventure stories, theatre, and poetry. As it is, what it includes moves from romantic, through the tragedy of war and the nightmare of totalitarianism, to fantasy and the limits of Western influence in the 3rd World. Hamlet is a strange bedfellow to these other titles as the only play. But it has an intensely deserved berth in my heart for both content and prose, and its influence (i.e. in the dark, brooding introspection and constant struggle with conscience and inner passions) can be felt both on the books in this next 10 list, and in European and human culture more generally.

Hamlet (William Shakespeare, 1603)
Wuthering Heights (Emily Brönte, 1847)
Kidnapped (Robert Louis Stevenson, 1886)
The Jungle Book (Rudyard Kipling, 1894)
Heart of Darkness (Joseph Conrad, 1899)
Death to the French (CS Forester, 1934)
Animal Farm (George Orwell, 1945)
The Sword of Honour (Evelyn Waugh, 1952-61)
The Lord of the Rings (J. R.R. Tolkien, 1954-55)
The Comedians (Graham Greene, 1966)

English – America and elsewhere 

In contrast, this one would not have been much longer - unfortunately. Why do I find these important enough to put here? America represents an extension of Europe - in language certainly, but not only. In both its advances and its failings it pushes, pulls, and changes Europe. It is often brutal in its authenticity. Roy is here as a non-American outlier - and her prose sometimes feels more French in its intricacy (see below).

Leaves of Grass (Walt Whitman, 1855)
The Red Badge of Courage (Stephen Crane, 1895)
USA (John dos Passos, 1930-36)
Delta de Vénus (Delta of Venus, Anaïs Nin, 1940s/1977)
The Naked and the Dead (Norman Mailer, 1948)
The Old Man and the Sea (Ernest Hemingway, 1952)
Lolita (Vladimir Nabokov, 1955)
The Thin Red Line (James Jones, 1961)
Angela’s Ashes (Frank McCourt, 1996)
The God of Small Things (Arhundati Roy, 1997)

Français

La langue francaise, si proche du Portugais et pourtant si 'autre', me permet d'éprouver les sentiments ainsi que de m'exprimer d'une manière plus authentique parfois même que l'anglais; la litterature francaise du XXème Siècle me bouleverse avec sa richesse de subtilités de sonorité, imaginaire, et emotion. La lecture se fait surtout en plaisir, volupté, et epanouissement. Et, pourtant, les grands thèmes sont tous lá et donnent un poids de sérieux à l'ensemble. Partout la grande question posé par Camus à l'âme de l'individu occidental: solitaire, ou solidaire?

Viagem ao Centro da Terra (Voyage au Centre de la Terre, Jules Verne, 1864)
Vol de Nuit (Antoine de Sainte-Éxupery, 1931)
Le Chant du Monde (Jean Giono, 1934)
Le Silence de la Mer (Jean Bruller, ‘Vercors’, 1942)
L’Étranger (Albert Camus, 1942)
Citadelle (Antoine de Sainte-Éxupery, 1948)
L’Oeuvre au Noir (Marguerite Yourcenar, 1951)
L'Exil et le Royaume (Albert Camus, 1957)
Hiroshima mon Amour : Scenario et dialogues (Marguerite Duras, 1960)
Les Centurions (Jean Lartéguy, 1963)

Others  / Autres  / Outras

Includes, to my shame, only a couple of Portuguese books, amongst a larger sprinkling of Russians and Germans. Among these are some of the most outstanding analyses of social and political relations between the XIXth and XXth century. Add the roots of European culture in Greece, and its extensions into Africa, and these 10 round off a vision of Europe that moves onwards and outwards relentlessly.

Antigona (Sófocles, 441BC, gr)
First Love (Первая любовь,, Ivan Turgenev, 1860, ru)
La Guerre et la Paix (Война и миръ, Léon Tolstoy, 1869, ru)
O Primo Bazílio (Eça de Queiroz, 1878, pt)
Os Maias (Eça de Queiroz, 1888, pt)
O Processo (Der Prozess, Franz Kafka, 1915/1925, de)
A Montanha Mágica (Der Zauberberg, Thomas Mann, 1924, de)
The Man without Qualities (Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften, Robert Musil, 1930-43, de)
Une Journée d’Ivan Dessinovitch (Оди́н день Ива́на Дени́совича, Alexandre Soljenitsine, 1962)
Terra Sonâmbula (Mia Couto, 1992, mz)

Nonfiction

From travelogues to scientific books, this one includes anything that is not fiction. From paleoanthropology and culture, politics, social and psychological theory - from the objectively theoretical to the subjectively empirical - with a home in my heart.

Du dandysme et de George Brummel (Jules Barbey D’Aurevilly, 1845)
La Revolution Trahie (Преданная революция, Léon Trotsky, 1936)
Hommage to Catalonia (George Orwell, 1938)
When the Going was Good (Evelyn Waugh, 1946)
Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robber’s Cave Experiment (Muzafer Sherif et al, 1961)
Nations and Nationalism (Ernest Gellner, 1983)
Time within Time: The Diaries (Martyrolog, Andrey Tarkovsky, 1986)
Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self Categorization Theory (John Turner et al, 1986)
Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations (Alan Fiske, 1991)
Origins Reconsidered (Richard Leakey & Roger Lewin, 1992)

Thursday, 18 September 2014

Hoping that the Union Jack stays united

Against most of my friends' tendencies, in particular those on the political Left, I am hoping for a 'no' vote from Scotland in the referendum on independence. For three reasons:

First, and although I am sensitive to the 'Scotland is more progressive than England and is being held back by England's dominance of the UK', I believe that Scotland is actually a nice leftist counterweight within the UK to neoliberal England, dominated by London with its financial services-heavy economic culture.

Second, because despite a strong unique Scottish identity, there is also a British identity within which this is embedded, and radical changes to national identity of this sort can be incredibly destabilizing - and before all my leftist friends start thinking 'great!' I would like to remind them that the sort of instability I'm thinking of can easily go in directions they would not like at all (think EDL rather than greens or socialists).

Third, I confess that Britishness is a sort of latent identity in myself too, most expressed through a literature that is British rather than specifically English, Scottish, or Irish (yes, I know the Irish have at least partly their own state, but circumstances there are other): think Waugh, Orwell, Swift, Joyce, and Stevenson... But also in many other ways in which the British are generically British (the awful food, the great pop music, the soggy ground and soggy carpets everywhere, driving on the left, loutishness and drunk sex, honesty and outrage, insularity and hipness). Come on guys, please stay together - think of how much effort it would take to change all our stereotypes!

Fourth (seriously, guys...): have you thought this over? What do you really want to do with your institutions? Monarchy, yes or no? And if no, would you allow auntie Lizzie as a foreign sovereign to keep her security arrangements at Balmoral? Pound, yes or no? If yes, would you accept that you wouldn't have any influence over the monetary policy of your own currency (think Eurozone; read Krugman)? And have you anticipated the problems that EU countries like Spain create within the EU for you as new members, or even block your membership (less likely)?

One more hour to go and we'll see. In the meantime, for all you Scots out there, a nail-biter I'm sure. Whatever you decide, please take into account the other side's view, and I love you lads and lassies anyways.

PS Thinking of you with fond memories of a soggy, windy, Glasgow winter 2003-04

Sunday, 25 May 2014

In the flow of history

A friend posted something on Facebook a few hours ago that expressed something very similar to my own existential feelings on our perception of the flow of history, a perception that is heightened on days such as today. Here is my translation, with his revision and permission (the title above is mine):

"A glance at today’s newspapers recalls the times when, at school, we were asked to bring old newspapers, with History written on their pages. Among the news that became history, there was other news that, seen from that present time, was so innocuous as to appear ridiculous. And, so I thought, how could anyone be interested in such issues when there were so many matters of greater importance for people to be worried about and interested in? Those were, after all, historic times that people were living in…
Today, I understand it much better. One only has to read today’s newspapers. Whether on the European Parliamentary and Ukrainian presidential elections, the Brussels shooting with possible anti-semitic undertones, the abstention rates, the 10th Champions League victory by Real Madrid, the Thai junta’s arrests of academics and closure of the senate, the shenanigans of banks or the dozens of examples of how austerity is affecting not only services, but the whole glue of our society, and in this case the lives of firemen who do not have adequate protection equipment to fight fires. What will happen to Palito?* What will become of Boko Haram in twenty years? What will become of Benfica a year from now? What will become of the young girls pushed into child prostitution when the World Cup in Brazil is over, and the tourists and construction workers disappear? What will become of Brazil? Why is there no room for manoeuvre in the budget for anything except for espionage and warfare?
Why do today’s newspapers recall so much yesteryear’s newspapers? Why do we remain neck-deep in propaganda? Why are we not aware of the mistakes we keep on repeating?"

Alexandre de Sousa Carvalho

*translation note: a convicted murderer on the run in Portugal

Let us linger no more

A few weeks ago, in the morning, between sleeping and waking, the word ‘Lingering’ lingered for a few moments before my eyes, flashing pale blue as if written in neon. Whether it was the last flicker of a dream or an isolated image, I cannot tell. And as I lingered in slumber, my mind reached out, as minds do in such moments, for the meaning it had tried to form. On waking a few moments later, the first images that passed through my mind were the soft rustling of leaves on treetops in the Spring breeze; then, of the way the slow timing of nature is captured in art and film and, finally, it dawned on me that to linger, in general, was in the current Zeitgeist.

An inescapable feeling gripped me that we have, as a species, if not lost, then at least misplaced the thrust and desire for progress, for betterment as a species and civilization. Human civilization seems to no longer be optimistically designing the road it wants to travel, unsure of how to apply technological progress to social change, and bewildered by the environmental constraints on growth. Those who think of this at all usually fall back on tired world-views charged with nostalgic clichés and identities: on the selfish borders of the nation, the petty victim-blaming of neo-liberalism, or the failed ideals of revolution. Others, uninspired by mankind, fall back on the unquestioned authority of religious text to guide their lives. It is a dull species that faces its future thus.

Today, however, I woke up with a spark of hope. I know there is another way. There is something, however little, that I can do today. I can walk up to a ballot box and choose to choose. It is my vote, and with it, it is my responsibility. And it does not end today – it is my responsibility, as a European, to continue to fight for a better future every day. To get involved, to question what must be questioned, to argue and to listen, to continuously participate in a society that must will itself to do better and to be better, if it does not wish to in the long run either wither away or implode. 

Friday, 23 May 2014

3 razões para votar LIVRE e eleger Rui Tavares

1. A democratização do sistema partidário português (democracia participativa, deliberativa, e aberta, com primárias abertas para escolha de candidatos) e, mas genericamente, do sistema político português e do sistema político europeu
2. Uma ideia positiva para a construção Europeia, uma ideia optimista e integradora, que não segue o consenso austeritário, e que não abdica dos valores de esquerda, de democracia, de liberdade, e de solidariedade; uma ideia que acredita na sua realização à escala europeia; e um candidato que formula de forma muito clara essa ideia (Rui Tavares, no livro A ironia do projeto europeu).
3. Um olhar virado não para as batalhas e aspirações do passado, mas sim para os desafios do presente e do futuro (políticos, tecnológicos, económicos, ambientais, societais), um olhar realista e racional, mas não fatalista. Um olhar simultaneamente científico e criativo, virado para a construção democrática de uma sociedade melhor.
E estas três razões são, no fundo, uma só: a política é um processo aberto aos cidadãos, que responsabiliza os cidadãos pelo seu futuro num mundo cada vez mais integrado à escala global, onde nós como protagonistas já não poderemos ser apenas portugueses, franceses, alemães, etc, mas de europeus.